12.7 HF SKY WAVE ANTENNAS
Most HF sky-wave antennas are based on a horizontal dipole placed at an appropriate height above the ground to produce the required take-off angle for the radiation (see the patterns of Figure 12.13). Monopoles can be used for sky wave but are best suited for surface wave and direct wave. The following sections address HF sky-wave antennas based on the range required for the communication.
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