Reference Library

Adi Shamir (1952-) is the cryptographer who helped secure the internet.

Alain Glavieux (1949-2004) was the engineer who helped unlock near-perfect communications.

Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) was the inventor who made electricity practical.

Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) was the inventor who gave telecommunications a human voice.

Alexander Popov (1859-1906) was the pioneer who built practical radio receivers.

Alexis Hocquenghem (1908-1990) was the French mathematician behind BCH codes.

Alfred Vail (1807-1859) was the engineer who helped make the telegraph practical.

Almond Strowger (1839-1902) was the undertaker who invented the first automated telephone exchange.

Andrew Viterbi (1935-) is the engineer who taught receivers to find the most likely message.

André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836) was the scientist who created electrodynamics.

Antonio Meucci (1808-19889) was the engineer that was almost the first to invent the telephone.

Arnold Sommerfeld (1868-1951) was the physicist who explained radio-wave propagation over the earth.

Arthur E. Kennelly (1861-1939) was the engineer who helped explain long-distance radio propagation.

Auguste Kerckhoffs (1835-1903) was the cryptographer who taught engineers to trust the key, not the secrecy of the system.

Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788-1827) was the scientist who revealed the wave nature of light.

Bernard M. Oliver (1916-1995) was the engineer who helped turn signals into information.

Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) was the mathematician who shaped modern communications science.

Charles Samuel Franklin (1879-1964) was the antenna engineer who helped shape modern radio communications.

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806) was the scientist who measured the force of electricity.

Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) was the scientist who established the wave theory of light.

Christian Doppler (1803-1853) was the scientist who revealed the effect of motion on waves.

Claude Berrou (1951-) is the engineer who brought error correction close to Shannon's limit.

Claude Chappe (1763-1805) was the inventor who built the first telecommunications network.

Claude Shannon (1916-2001) was the father of information theory.

David A. Huffman (1925-1999) was the engineer who made data compression practical.

Donald J. Kessler (1940-) is the scientist who warned that space could pollute itself.

Donald Murray (1865-1945) was the inventor who helped automate written telecommunications.

Donn B. Parker (1929-2021) was the security pioneer who expanded the meaning of information protection.

Dwijendra Kumar Ray-Chaudhuri (1933-2018) was the pioneer behind BCH codes.

Édouard Branly (1844-1940) was the scientist who made radio waves detectable.

Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890-1954) was the engineer who perfected modern radio.

Erdal Arıkan (1958-) is the inventor who discovered polar codes.

Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937) was the scientist who uncovered the structure of the atom.

Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854) was the scientist who quantified the flow of electricity.

George Stephen Kemp (1857-1935) was the engineer who assisted Marconi's early wireless experiments.

Gordon Moore (1929-2023) was the visionary who predicted the digital age.

Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937) was the engineer who connected the world without wires.

Gustave Solomon (1930-1996) was the mathematician who helped protect digital information.

Hans Christian Ørsted (1777-1851) was the scientist who linked electricity and magnetism.

Harald T. Friis (1893-1976) was the engineer who quantified radio links and receiver noise.

Harald “Bluetooth” Gormsson was a tenth-century Danish king whose rule helped shape the early history of Scandinavia.

Harry Nyquist (1889-1976) was the engineer who defined the limits of signaling.

Hedy Lamarr (1914-2000) was the film star who helped inspire spread spectrum communications.

Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) was the experimentalist who proved electromagnetic waves exist.

Irving S. Reed (1923-2012) was the engineer who helped digital systems correct their own mistakes.

Irwin Jacobs (1933-) is the engineer-entrepreneur who helped make mobile communications digital.

J. J. Thomson (1856-1940) was the scientist who discovered the electron.

Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858-1937) was the pioneer who explored the potential of radio waves.

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) was the theorist who unified electricity, magnetism, and light.

Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830) was the mathematician who turned heat into waves.

Joan Daemen (1965-) is the cryptographer who helped build the standard for digital security.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was the mathematician who found order in the heavens.

John Howard Egli (1908-1995) was the engineer who developed a practical model for radio coverage prediction.

John Logie Baird (1888-1946) was the pioneer who brought moving images to telecommunications.

John Napier (1550-1617) was the mathematician who invented logarithms.

John R. Pierce (1910-2002) was the engineer who helped create satellite communications.

John Renshaw Carson (1886-1940) was the engineer who gave bandwidth a rule.

Joseph Henry (1797-1878) was the experimenter who harnessed electromagnetism.

Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826) was the optician who turned sunlight into a scientific instrument.

Sir John Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945) was the inventor who opened the electronic age.

Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850-1918) was the engineer who made radio practical.

Lee de Forest (1873-1961) was the inventor who gave electronics amplification.

Leonard Adleman (1945-) is the mathematician who helped create public-key cryptography.

Lord Rayleigh (1842-1919) was the physicist who explained how waves propagate.

Léon Teisserenc de Bort (1855-1913) was the meteorologist who discovered the layers of the atmosphere.

Marcel J. E. Golay (1902-1989) was the mathematician whose codes protected messages from error.

Martin Hellman (1945-) is the engineer who helped make secure communication practical.

Michael Faraday (1791-1867) was the experimenter who uncovered the invisible forces of nature.

Émile Baudot (1845-1903) was the inventor who introduced digital coding to telecommunications.

Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) was the inventor who envisioned a wireless world.

Oliver Heaviside (1850-1925) was the mathematician who made electromagnetic theory usable.

Peter Shor (1959-) is the mathematician whose algorithm changed the future of cryptography.

Phidippides (c. 5th Century BC) was the messenger who symbolized early long-distance communication.

Punya Thitimajshima (1965-) is the researcher who helped create turbo codes.

Ralph Hartley (1888-1970) was the pioneer who first measured information.

Reginald Fessenden (1866-1932) was the pioneer who put voice on the radio.

Richard Hamming (1915-1998) was the mathematician who taught computers to correct their own errors.

Robert Gallager (1931-) is the father of LDPC codes.

Robert W. Lucky (1936-2022) was the engineer who helped modems conquer the telephone line.

Ronald L. Rivest (1947-) is the cryptographer behind RSA encryption.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) was the theorist who explained the heavens.

Samuel Morse (1791-1872) was the inventor who connected the world with electricity.

Sir Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008) was the visionary who imagined global satellite communications.

Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875) was the inventor who helped create electrical communications.

Sir Edward Appleton (1892-1965) was the scientist who revealed the ionosphere.

Sir Oliver Lodge (1851-1940) was the scientist who advanced the foundations of radio.

Sir Robert Watson-Watt (1892-1973) was the pioneer who turned radio into radar.

Sir William Henry Preece (1834-1913) was the engineer who helped bridge the worlds of telegraphy and wireless communication.

Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931) was the inventor who industrialized communications technology.

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) was the observer who measured the heavens.

Valdemar Poulsen (1869-1942) was the inventor who pioneered magnetic recording and continuous-wave radio.

Vincent Rijmen (1970-) is the cryptographer whose cipher became AES.

Évariste Galois (1811-1832) was the mathematician who created the algebra of digital communications.

Walter Hohmann (1880-1945) was the engineer who charted the path between the planets.

Werner von Siemens (1816-1892) was the engineer who helped build the global telegraph network.

Whitfield Diffie (1944-) is the pioneer who invented public-key cryptography.

Wilhelm Eduard Weber (1804-1891) was the physicist who helped quantify electricity and early telegraphy.

William Du Bois Duddell (1872-1917) was the engineer who created the singing arc.

Learn more about Adaptive Predictive Coding (APC) and how it models human speech to achieve very low transmission bit rates.

Learn more about Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and why it is the most widely used model of communication-channel noise.

Learn more about adjacent-channel interference and how imperfect filtering affects communication system performance.

Learn more about ALOHA and how one of the earliest random-access protocols influenced modern computer networking.

Learn more about amplitude modulation and how information is transmitted by varying the amplitude of a carrier wave.

Learn more about analog-to-digital conversion and how continuous real-world signals are converted into digital information.

Learn more about arithmetic coding and how it achieves highly efficient lossless data compression.

Learn more about Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and how it combined the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching.

Learn more about attenuation and how signal strength decreases as electromagnetic waves propagate through a communication channel.

Learn more about Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) and how it maintains accurate receiver tuning despite frequency drift.

Learn more about Automatic Gain Control (AGC) and how receivers automatically compensate for changing signal strengths.

Learn more about Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) and how communication systems recover from transmission errors by requesting retransmission.

Learn more about the avalanche effect and why it is one of the most important properties of modern encryption algorithms.

Learn more about balanced and unbalanced transmission lines and why matching them correctly is important in RF communication systems.

Learn more about baluns and how they connect balanced antennas to unbalanced transmission lines.

Learn more about band-pass filters and how they select a desired range of frequencies while rejecting unwanted signals.

Learn more about base stations and how they provide the radio interface between wireless users and the communications network.

Learn more about baseband signals and baseband transmission.

Learn more about the definition and use of baud.

Learn more about BCH codes and how they provide powerful multiple-error correction in modern digital communication systems.

Learn more about beamforming and how it directs radio energy toward the intended receiver to improve communication performance.

Learn more about bit error rate (BER) and why it is one of the most important measures of digital communication system performance.

Learn more about block codes and how they detect and correct transmission errors by adding redundancy to fixed-length blocks of data.

Learn more about Bluetooth.

Learn more about broadcast systems and how they deliver the same information simultaneously to many receivers.

Learn more about the Caesar cipher and how one of history's earliest encryption methods influenced modern cryptography.

Learn more about Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) and how it allows multiple devices to share a communication channel efficiently.

Learn more about carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and how they are used to measure communication system performance.

Learn more about cellular communication systems and how they provide mobile telephone and wireless data services.

Learn more about channel coding.

Learn more about channel sounding and how engineers measure the characteristics of communication channels.

Learn more about characteristic impedance and why impedance matching is essential for efficient signal transmission.

Learn more about Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and how multiple users share the same frequency by using unique spreading codes.

Learn more about Code-Excited Linear Prediction (CELP) and how it provides high-quality speech coding at low bit rates.

Learn more about coding gain and how error-control coding improves communication performance.

Learn more about cognitive radio and how intelligent radio systems dynamically adapt to their communication environment.

Learn more about companding and how it improves the quality of digitally encoded analog signals.

Learn more about compound (concatenated) codes and how combining two or more error-correcting codes improves communication reliability.

Learn more about convolutional codes and how they provide continuous error correction for digital communication systems.

Learn more about Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) codes and how they detect transmission errors in digital communication systems.

Learn more about crosstalk and how unwanted coupling between communication channels affects signal quality.

Learn more about the four principal categories of satellite orbit and how they are used in modern communication, navigation, and Earth observation systems.

Learn more about Demand-Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) and how communication resources are allocated only when users need them.

Learn more about dictionary coding and how repeated patterns are replaced with short references to reduce data size.

Learn more about the Diffie-Hellman algorithm and how it allows two parties to establish a shared secret over an insecure communications channel.

Learn more about diffraction and how radio waves bend around obstacles to extend communication beyond the line of sight.

Learn more about diffusion and why it is one of the fundamental principles of modern encryption.

Learn more about digital signatures and how they verify the authenticity and integrity of digital information.

Learn more about Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and how it enables robust communications and code-division multiple access (CDMA).

Learn more about direction finding, angle of arrival (AoA), and angle of departure (AoD), and how they are used in modern wireless communication systems.

Learn more about the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and how it enables efficient image and video compression.

Learn more about dispersion and how it causes transmitted signals to spread in time, limiting communication performance.

Learn more about distortion and how it alters communication signals during transmission or processing.

Learn more about diversity techniques and how they reduce the effects of fading and signal degradation in communication systems.

Learn more about Doppler shift and how relative motion changes the observed frequency of waves.

Learn more about Eb/N0 and why it is the most widely used measure of digital communication system performance.

Learn more about echo cancellation and how communication systems remove unwanted echoes from transmitted signals.

Learn more about effective aperture and how it determines the amount of electromagnetic energy an antenna can receive.

Learn more about effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and why it is one of the most important measures of transmitter performance in satellite and microwave communications.

Learn more about Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) and Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and how electronic systems are designed to operate without interfering with one another.

Learn more about encryption and decryption.

Learn more about entropy and how it measures the amount of information contained in a source.

Learn more about entropy coding and how it compresses data by exploiting the statistical properties of information sources.

Learn more about envelope detection and how it recovers information from amplitude-modulated signals.

Learn more about equalization and how it compensates for distortion introduced by communication channels.

Learn more about the electrical telegraph and how it became the first technology to transmit information electronically over long distances.

Learn more about fading and how variations in the propagation environment cause fluctuations in received signal strength.

Learn more about the far field (Fraunhofer region) and why it is the most important region for antenna analysis and radio communication.

Learn more about Faraday rotation and how the ionosphere changes the polarization of radio waves.

Learn more about fiber-optic cables and how they transmit enormous amounts of information using pulses of light.

Learn more about filtering and how filters are used to select or reject specific frequency components in communication systems.

Learn more about fire beacons.

Learn more about Fixed Assigned Multiple Access (FAMA) and how permanently assigned communication resources provide predictable network performance.

Learn more about the FM capture effect and capture ratio, and why they contribute to the superior performance of frequency modulation.

Learn more about the FM threshold effect and why the performance of frequency modulation changes abruptly below a certain signal level.

Learn more about forward error correction (FEC) and how communication systems correct transmission errors without retransmission.

Learn more about Fourier analysis and Fourier series.

Learn more about Frame Relay and how it provided efficient packet-switched data communications over wide-area networks.

Learn more about free-space optical communication and how laser beams are used to transmit information without optical fibre.

Learn more about the frequency domain and the time domain.

Learn more about frequency hopping and how rapidly changing carrier frequency improves communication reliability and security.

Learn more about frequency modulation and how information is transmitted by varying the frequency of a carrier wave.

Learn more about Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and how it allows multiple users to share the same communication system using separate frequency channels.

Learn more about Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and how multiple signals are transmitted simultaneously over a single communication channel.

Learn more about frequency-selective fading and how multipath propagation affects broadband communication systems.

Learn more about the G/T ratio and why it is one of the most important measures of receiving-system performance in satellite and microwave communications.

Learn more about Galois fields and finite fields.

Learn more about Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and how satellite constellations provide precise positioning, navigation, and timing worldwide.

Learn more about Golay codes and why these remarkable error-correcting codes are regarded as some of the most elegant and powerful block codes ever developed.

Learn more about guard bands and how they reduce interference between adjacent communication channels.

Learn more about Hamming distance and minimum distance, and how they determine the ability of error-control codes to detect and correct transmission errors.

Learn more about hard-decision and soft-decision decoding and how they affect the performance of error-correcting codes.

Learn more about harmonics and the fundamental frequency.

Learn more about HAVE QUICK and HAVE QUICK II and how frequency hopping improves the security and reliability of military radio communications.

Learn more about Huffman coding and how it efficiently compresses digital information by assigning shorter codes to more common symbols.

Learn more about inter-symbol interference.

Learn more about interference and how it differs from noise in communication systems.

Learn more about interleaving and how it improves the performance of error-control codes by converting burst errors into random errors.

Learn more about the intermediate frequency (IF) and why almost all radio receivers convert signals to a fixed frequency before demodulation.

Learn more about intermodulation, intermodulation products, and why nonlinear devices generate unwanted frequencies.

Learn more about the Internet of Things (IoT) and how connected devices collect, exchange, and act upon information.

Learn more about Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and how they connect users to the Internet.

Learn more about the ionosphere and how this electrically charged region of the upper atmosphere influences radio-wave propagation and satellite communications.

Learn more about keystreams and how they are used to encrypt data in stream ciphers.

Learn more about klystrons and how they generate and amplify high-power microwave signals for radar, satellite communications, and scientific applications.

Learn more about latency and how transmission delays affect the performance of communication systems.

Learn more about Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) and how it models human speech to achieve efficient digital voice compression.

Learn more about Local Area Networks (LANs) and how they connect computers and devices within a limited geographic area.

Learn more about Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes and how they provide near-optimum error correction in modern communication systems.

Learn more about low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) and why they are one of the most important components of modern communication receivers.

Learn more about low-pass filters and how they remove unwanted high-frequency components from communication signals.

Learn more about the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) and how it determines the largest packet that can be transmitted across a network.

Learn more about Maxwell's Equations and how they explain the behaviour of electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields.

Learn more about the Media Access Control (MAC) layer and how it controls access to shared communication media.

Learn more about Message Authentication Codes (MACs) and how they verify the authenticity and integrity of digital messages.

Learn more about Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction (MELP) and how it produces intelligible speech at extremely low bit rates.

Learn more about modulation and frequency translation.

Learn more about Moore's Law and how it has influenced the evolution of modern communications and computing.

Learn more about Morse code and its inventor.

Learn more about multiple-access techniques.

Learn more about multiple-access interference (MAI) and why it limits the capacity of spread-spectrum communication systems.

Learn more about Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology and how it increases wireless communication capacity and reliability.

Learn more about multiplexing and demultiplexing.

Learn more about Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) and how it improves the speed, efficiency, and reliability of modern communication networks.

Learn more about Multipulse Excitation (MPE) and how it improves speech quality in low-bit-rate speech coders.

Learn more about mutual interference and how communication systems affect one another when sharing the same transmission medium.

Learn more about Near Field Communication.

Learn more about the near-far effect and why power control is essential in spread-spectrum and CDMA communication systems.

Learn more about Network Address Translation (NAT) and how it allows many devices to share a single public IP address.

Learn more about noise and interference.

Learn more about noise figure and how it measures the noise introduced by communication receivers.

Learn more about noise power spectral density and why it is one of the fundamental measures used in communications engineering.

Learn more about Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and how it allows multiple users to share the same communication resources simultaneously.

Learn more about nonlinear distortion and how it affects the performance of communication systems.

Learn more about the Nyquist criterion and the Nyquist rate.

Learn more about OMEGA and how one of the world's first global radionavigation systems determined position using very low frequency (VLF) radio transmissions.

Learn more about optical telegraphs and semaphore.

Learn more about Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and how it enables many users to share the same wireless channel efficiently.

Learn more about oscillator drift and how changes in oscillator frequency affect communication system performance.

Learn more about phase.

Learn more about phase modulation and how information is transmitted by varying the phase of a carrier wave.

Learn more about Polar Codes and how they achieve reliable communication close to Shannon's theoretical channel capacity.

Learn more about polarization and how the orientation of an electromagnetic wave affects communication systems.

Learn more about power balance and how maintaining appropriate signal power levels improves communication reliability and network performance.

Learn more about pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, and how they improve the signal-to-noise ratio of frequency modulation (FM) systems.

Learn more about communication protocols and how they enable different devices to exchange information reliably.

Learn more about pseudorandom sequences and why they are widely used in modern communication systems.

Learn more about punctured codes and how they provide multiple coding rates from a single error-control code.

Learn more about Quality of Service (QoS) and how communication networks prioritise different types of traffic.

Learn more about quantization and quantization error.

Learn more about the radiating near field (Fresnel region) and how antenna radiation behaves before reaching the far field.

Learn more about radiation resistance and how antennas convert electrical power into electromagnetic waves.

Learn more about radomes and how they protect antennas while remaining virtually transparent to electromagnetic waves.

Learn more about raised cosine and root raised cosine filters and how they minimize inter-symbol interference while using bandwidth efficiently.

Learn more about Rayleigh fading and how multipath scattering causes rapid variations in received signal strength.

Learn more about the reactive near field and why energy close to an antenna behaves differently from radiated electromagnetic waves.

Learn more about Reed–Solomon codes and how they provide powerful protection against burst errors in digital communication systems.

Learn more about refraction and how changes in propagation velocity alter the direction of electromagnetic waves.

Learn more about Regular Pulse Excitation (RPE) and how it improved low-bit-rate digital speech coding.

Learn more about sampling and how continuous analogue signals are converted into digital form.

Learn more about satellite communications.

Learn more about sectorization and how dividing a cell into sectors increases the capacity and efficiency of cellular communication systems.

Learn more about serial and parallel transmission.

Learn more about the Shannon-Hartley theorem and the Shannon-Hartley limit.

Learn more about Shannon’s channel coding theorem.

Learn more about the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) and why it is a key performance measure in modern wireless communication systems.

Learn more about the Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) and why it is one of the most important measures of wireless communication quality.

Learn more about software defined radio (SDR) and how software is replacing traditional radio hardware.

Learn more about source coding and compression.

Learn more about the spatial domain and how the physical location and direction of signals are used to improve communication performance.

Learn more about spatial multiplexing and how multiple antennas can transmit several independent data streams simultaneously.

Learn more about spectral efficiency and bandwidth efficiency.

Learn more about spread spectrum technologies.

Learn more about squelch and how radio receivers automatically suppress background noise when no signal is present.

Learn more about Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM) and how it improves channel utilization by dynamically allocating transmission capacity.

Learn more about subcarriers and how they allow multiple information signals to share a single communication channel.

Learn more about the superheterodyne receiver and why it has become the dominant architecture used in radio receivers.

Learn more about synchronous and asynchronous transmission.

Learn more about syndromes and how they allow error-control codes to detect and locate transmission errors.

Learn more about systematic and non-systematic error-control codes and how they represent information differently.

Learn more about telemetry and how measurements from remote systems are automatically transmitted for monitoring, analysis, and control.

Learn more about the telephone and how it enabled the direct transmission of speech over electrical communication networks.

Learn more about time hopping and how it enables multiple users to share ultra-wideband radio systems while reducing interference.

Learn more about Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and how multiple users share a communication channel by transmitting in different time slots.

Learn more about Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and how multiple signals share a single communication channel by transmitting at different times.

Learn more about tracking, telemetry and control (TT&C) and how it enables satellites and spacecraft to be monitored, controlled, and operated throughout their missions.

Learn more about transform coding and how it reduces the amount of data required to represent images, audio, and video.

Learn more about satellite transponders and how they receive, amplify, frequency-convert, and retransmit communication signals.

Learn more about travelling wave tube amplifiers (TWTAs) and why they remain the preferred high-power amplifiers for many satellite and microwave communication systems.

Learn more about the troposphere and how the lowest layer of the atmosphere influences radio-wave propagation and communication systems.

Learn more about trunked radio systems and how they efficiently share a limited number of radio channels among many users.

Learn more about turbo codes and iterative decoding.

Learn more about unlicensed radio spectrum and how it enables wireless devices to operate without an individual radio licence.

Learn more about Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) and how they improve the flexibility, security, and performance of modern computer networks.

Learn more about Viterbi decoding and how it enables reliable error correction.

Learn more about vocoders and how they represent speech using mathematical models rather than transmitting the speech waveform directly.

Learn more about Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and how voice calls are transmitted over packet-switched networks.

Learn more about the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and how it indicates the quality of impedance matching in transmission lines.

Learn more about co-channel interference and how frequency reuse influences wireless communication system performance.

Learn more about waveguides and how they efficiently carry microwave and millimetre-wave signals.

Learn more about Wi-Fi and how it provides high-speed wireless networking using radio waves.

Learn more about X.25 and how it became one of the first widely used packet-switched wide-area networking technologies.

Learn more about EIA-632 and how it bridged defence systems engineering standards and later international life-cycle process standards.

Learn more about IEEE 1220 and how it defined application and management of the systems engineering process.

Learn more about ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288 and how it defines common life-cycle processes for modern systems engineering.

Learn more about MIL-STD-499B and its role in the evolution of defence systems engineering practice.

Learn more about SAE 1001 and its place in the systems engineering standards lineage.