Chapter 14 / 14.8

14.8 REVISION QUESTIONS

1. Briefly describe the function of each of the layers of the ISO OSI 7-layer model.

1. Explain the purpose of layered reference models and the concept of encapsulation.

1. Compare the OSI and TCP/IP models. How do their layers correspond?

1. Why do IEEE 802 standards primarily map to the lower two OSI layers?

1. Explain why Ethernet originally required CSMA/CD and why it is no longer used in modern deployments.

1. Why does Ethernet retain a 64-octet minimum frame size?

1. Describe the function of the MAC address in Ethernet.

1. What is the purpose of the Frame Check Sequence (FCS)?

1. Why does Ethernet rely on higher-layer protocols for retransmission?

1. Explain how MAC learning works in an Ethernet switch.

1. Distinguish clearly between a collision domain and a broadcast domain.

1. Why are collision domains effectively eliminated in full-duplex switched Ethernet?

1. Explain how VLANs logically segment a network.

1. Why are Layer-2 loops problematic, and how does Spanning Tree prevent instability?

1. Compare hierarchical three-tier campus architecture with spine–leaf data center architecture.

1. Distinguish between physical topology and logical topology.

1. Compare twisted-pair copper and fiber-optic Ethernet in terms of deployment trade-offs.

1. Why do higher-speed copper Ethernet standards require advanced signal processing techniques?

1. Explain how Power over Ethernet (PoE) changes network deployment models.

1. Explain why CSMA/CA is required in WLANs instead of CSMA/CD.

1. Describe the operation of the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF).

1. What is the role of the Network Allocation Vector (NAV)?

1. Compare the 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz Wi-Fi bands.

1. Explain channel bonding and its trade-offs in dense deployments.

1. How do MIMO and spatial multiplexing increase throughput?

1. What is the purpose of OFDMA in Wi-Fi 6?

1. Why did infrared-based PANs fail to achieve widespread networking adoption?

1. Compare Bluetooth and Zigbee in terms of design goals and network architecture.

1. Explain how Angle of Arrival (AoA) and Angle of Departure (AoD) techniques determine the direction of a Bluetooth device.

1. Why does AoA require multiple antennas at the receiver?

1. Distinguish between Bluetooth 5.1 direction finding and Bluetooth 6 channel sounding.

1. Why does UWB achieve superior ranging accuracy compared with BLE RSSI-based positioning?