Joanna Szmelter and Chung Kiat Lee
A semi-empirical model allowing for prediction of natural fragmentation of exploding shells is described. The initial velocity, projection angle, size and location, obtained for each fragment, are used by a point mass trajectory routine to determine the overall fragment distribution on the ground and to model fragments hitting a three-dimensional object. Examples of validation against experimental data for 105-mm shell and a mortar bomb are shown. The proposed model is useful for munition assessments, including a prediction of safety hazard in a credible accident.
Mircea Cernat and Teodor-Viorel Chelaru
One method of enhancing the target effect of modern artillery and rocket systems is to use submunition warheads. This paper proposes an analysis model for the performance of submunition warheads. In developing this model we have taken into account two design aspects characteristic of this type of munition: a uniform distribution for submunition impact points, and a surface density for these, within imposed limits. In this paper we analyse three essential aspects of design and submunition warhead (cluster warhead): choosing the right model for simulation of the submunition trajectory within the constraints of minimum time and numerical precision; choosing the method of ejecting the submunition, imposing the condition of optimal dispersion; and choosing the altitude for the submunition ejection, also in the condition of optimal dispersion.
Heli M. Nyberg
The Finnish Defence Forces have implemented a surveillance system for gun propelling charges utilizing conscript practice troop firings. In this study the muzzle velocity data collected during troop firings of a 155-mm weapon system have been statistically evaluated. The elimination of the first round fired of each series of collected muzzle velocity data was found to reduce the variation in the data. For one charge zone, the study determined a need to verify the validity of standard muzzle velocity values in the firing tables. The muzzle velocity data collected in conscript troop firings were found to be suitable for the estimation of lot-to-lot and gun-to-gun variances if the data is not too unbalanced. The methodology for identifying and removing erroneously marked observations and outliers in the muzzle velocity data collected by conscripts has been developed and the evaluation of the results connected to each studied charge lot/zone has been conducted. The muzzle velocity data collected was found to be usable for numerous purposes, as long as the characteristics of the data are taken into consideration.
C. Kopp
Directed-energy weapons (DEW) are devices which inflict damage upon a target by directing high intensity electromagnetic radiation over some distance, using for instance a high-energy laser (HEL) or high-power microwave source, and a focusing aperture. With recent increases in peak and average emitted power levels, X-band microwave radar is gaining the potential for use as a DEW. This paper explores a range of implementation issues arising in the application of active electronically steered array (AESA) and electronically steered array (ESA) X-band radars as directed-energy weapons. The application of circular polarisation at the radar antenna is shown to be useful for coupling power into targets, as is chirping of the radar waveform. It will be necessary to design radar modes specifically for the purpose of microwave attack, to provide the capability to interleave operator-controlled high-power emissions with necessary tracking waveforms. Estimates of achievable effect using a representative radar configuration indicate that a microwave attack regime will be effective only at short ranges.
Vesa Kuikka
This paper presents modelling techniques for networked systems. A network metric is suggested for evaluation and comparison of different networked systems in a network-centric warfare context with random or targeted attacks against the network structure. A method is also presented to calculate the threshold values of link failure probabilities where it is optimal for an attacker to shift targeted attacks against links of lower degree nodes. This information is vital for the defender in planning and constructing more robust networks against targeted attacks.
Sumanta K. Das, Pankaj Sati, and Rajiv Gupta
This paper illustrates a methodology for developing aggregated combat models using high-resolution simulation and the Markovian Lanchester process. The details of mathematical models involved in a high-resolution simulation process of a “Meeting Engagement” tactical scenario are presented, along with theoretical discussion on the Markovian Lanchester model. The output from the discrete event simulation model is used to estimate the attrition rates for an aggregated Lanchester model. A comparative study of various statistical estimation methods suitable for such estimation is also presented.
